Intwari 4 za Afurika Zatabarutse mu Kwezi kwa Cumi: Amateka, Ubutwari n’Ibyo Basigiye Isi

Minembwe Capital News (MCN)

Ukwezi kwa cumi gufite umwanya wihariye mu mateka ya Afurika, kuko ari ko bamwe mu bantu bagize uruhare rukomeye mu mpinduka za politiki, urugamba rwo kwibohora no guharanira ubwigenge bw’ibihugu byabo batabarukiyeho.

Mu bo amateka yibuka harimo Captain Thomas Sankara wa Burkina Faso, Perezida Samora Machel wa Mozambique, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi wa Libya na Major General Fred Gisa Rwigema w’u Rwanda.

Aba bagabo bakomokaga mu bihugu bitandukanye, bafite intego n’imyumvire ya politiki bitari bimwe. Icyakora, bahuriye ku kuba baragize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka y’ibihugu byabo, bakagira n’ingaruka zarenze imipaka yabyo.

Bamwe bibukwa kubera kurwanya ubukoloni, guharanira ubwigenge n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, mu gihe abandi bibukwa kubera uruhare bagize mu rugamba rwa gisirikare no guhindura ubutegetsi. Amateka yabo agaragaza ko ubutwari, ubuyobozi n’ingaruka za politiki bikwiye gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku bikorwa bifatika, aho kubishingira gusa ku izina umuntu yahawe.

Dore amateka yabo, amatariki bavukiyeho, ay’itabaruka ryabo n’amasomo abakiriho bashobora kubigiraho.

1. Captain Thomas Sankara: Umuyobozi waharaniraga Afurika yigenga kandi yihagazeho

Yavutse ku itariki ya 21/12/1949, atabaruka ku itariki ya 15/10/1987.

Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara yari umusirikare, umunyapolitiki n’umuyobozi wa Burkina Faso kuva mu 1983 kugeza yishwe mu 1987. Azwi cyane kubera ibitekerezo bye byo guharanira ubwigenge bwa Afurika, kurwanya ruswa no gushaka ko ibihugu by’Afurika byigenga mu byemezo bifata, aho guhora byishingikiriza ku mahanga.

Sankara yageze ku butegetsi mu gihe igihugu cye cyari kigifite izina rya Haute-Volta. Mu gihe yayoboraga impinduramatwara yatangiye ku itariki ya 04/08/1983, igihugu cyaje guhindurirwa izina kiba Burkina Faso, risobanura igihugu cy’abantu b’inyangamugayo.

Yashishikarizaga abaturage kwigirira icyizere, gukoresha ibikomoka mu gihugu cyabo no kugira uruhare mu iterambere ry’igihugu. Mu byo ubuyobozi bwe bwibukirwaho harimo gahunda zo guteza imbere ubuvuzi, uburezi, ubuhinzi n’uburenganzira bw’abagore.

Sankara yanenze cyane ruswa, imibereho ihebuje y’abayobozi n’imyenda y’amahanga, ashimangira ko Afurika ikwiye gushaka ibisubizo by’ibibazo byayo aho gutegereza ko ibindi bihugu biyibera umusemburo w’iterambere.

Ku itariki ya 29/07/1987, mu nama y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bwa Afurika yabereye i Addis Ababa, yagaragaje ko ibihugu bya Afurika bikwiye gufatira hamwe ikibazo cy’imyenda byari bifitiye ibihugu by’amahanga.

Ibi byatumye abakunzi be bamufata nk’umwe mu bayobozi bagerageje guhuza ubuyobozi n’ibitekerezo byo kwigira, gukorera abaturage no guharanira agaciro k’Afurika.

Icyakora, ubuyobozi bwe bwari bushingiye ku mpinduramatwara ya politiki, kandi imikorere yabwo yateje impaka ku bijyanye n’ubwisanzure n’imikorere y’inzego za Leta.

Ku itariki ya 15/10/1987, Sankara yishwe mu gihe cy’ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi ryazanye Blaise Compaoré ku butegetsi. Urupfu rwe rwahagaritse ubuyobozi bwe, ariko ibitekerezo bye bikomeza kugira uruhare mu biganiro byerekeye ubusugire bwa Afurika, kurwanya ruswa no kwigira mu bukungu.

Amateka ye akomeza kwibutswa nk’ay’umuyobozi washakaga ko igihugu cye n’abaturage bacyo batagengwa n’inyungu z’abandi.

2. Perezida Samora Machel: Umuyobozi w’urugamba rwo kubohora Mozambique

Yavutse ku itariki ya 29/09/1933, atabaruka ku itariki ya 19/10/1986.

Samora Moisés Machel yari umuyobozi w’umutwe wa FRELIMO warwanyije ubukoloni bw’Abanyaportugali, nyuma aba Perezida wa mbere wa Mozambique yigenga.

Yakuriye mu muryango w’abahinzi mu gihe ubukoloni bwari bugifite ingaruka zikomeye ku mibereho y’Abanyamozambique. Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni, abaturage benshi b’Abanyafurika bahuraga n’akarengane mu bijyanye n’ubutaka, akazi n’amahirwe yo kwiga no gutera imbere.

Machel yabanje kwiga ibijyanye n’ubuforomo, nyuma aza kwinjira muri FRELIMO, umutwe warwaniraga ubwigenge bwa Mozambique. Yaje kuba umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye b’urwo rugamba, nyuma y’urupfu rwa Eduardo Mondlane aba umuyobozi w’uyu mutwe.

Mozambique yabonye ubwigenge ku itariki ya 25/06/1975, Samora Machel aba Perezida wa mbere w’igihugu cyari kimaze igihe kirwanira kwigobotora ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni.

Mu buyobozi bwe, yashyigikiye ko abaturage babona uburezi n’ubuvuzi, kandi ko igihugu cyubaka inzego zacyo nyuma y’igihe kirekire cy’ubukoloni. Yagize kandi uruhare mu gushyigikira izindi mpinduramatwara n’imitwe yarwanyaga ubutegetsi bw’abakoloni muri Afurika y’amajyepfo.

Ibyo byatumye afatwa nk’umwe mu bayobozi bagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka yo kwibohora kw’Afurika.

Icyakora, nyuma y’ubwigenge, Mozambique yahuye n’intambara yo mu gihugu imbere, ibibazo by’ubukungu n’imbogamizi zikomeye mu kubaka inzego za Leta. Bityo, amateka ye akwiye kurebwa haba ku ruhare yagize mu rugamba rwo kwibohora ndetse no ku bibazo igihugu cyanyuzemo mu gihe cy’ubuyobozi bwe.

Ku itariki ya 19/10/1986, Samora Machel yapfiriye mu mpanuka y’indege yabereye hafi y’umupaka wa Afurika y’Epfo n’icyahoze ari Swaziland, ubu kikaba cyitwa Eswatini, ubwo yari avuye mu nama y’abakuru b’ibihugu muri Zambia.

Ibyari byateye iyo mpanuka byakomeje guteza impaka n’ibibazo by’amateka. Urupfu rwe rwabaye igihombo gikomeye kuri Mozambique no ku banyapolitiki bo muri Afurika bashyigikiraga urugamba rwo kwibohora.

Samora Machel asigira Afurika isomo ry’uko ubwigenge butagarukira ku kwirukana abakoloni gusa, ahubwo busaba no kubaka inzego z’igihugu, guteza imbere abaturage no gushaka amahoro arambye.

3. Colonel Muammar Gaddafi: Umuyobozi washakaga Afurika ifite ijambo ku isi

Yavutse ku itariki ya 07/06/1942, yicwa ku itariki ya 20/10/2011.

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi yari umuyobozi wa Libya kuva mu 1969 kugeza mu 2011. Yageze ku butegetsi nyuma y’impinduramatwara ya gisirikare yahiritse Umwami Idris.

Mu myaka isaga 40 yamaze ayobora Libya, Gaddafi yashyigikiye ibitekerezo byo kwigira mu bukungu, kurwanya ububasha bw’ibihugu bikomeye no kongera uruhare rw’Afurika mu miyoborere y’isi.

Libya yari ifite umutungo ukomeye wa peteroli, kandi mu gihe cy’ubuyobozi bwe, Leta yagize uruhare runini mu bukungu bw’igihugu. Gaddafi yashyigikiye gahunda z’imibereho n’iterambere, ariko ubutegetsi bwe bwakomeje kunengwa kubera guhutaza abatavuga rumwe na bwo, gufunga abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi no kubangamira ubwisanzure bwa politiki.

Mu bijyanye na Afurika, Gaddafi yashyigikiye igitekerezo cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika n’ubufatanye mu bukungu no muri politiki. Yagize uruhare mu bikorwa byashishikarizaga Afurika kugira ijambo rikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ndetse ashyigikira igitekerezo cy’uko ibihugu by’Afurika byakagombye kurushaho kwishyira hamwe.

Icyakora, uburyo yabigeragamo n’imikorere y’ubutegetsi bwe byakomeje guteza impaka. Abamushyigikiraga bamubonagamo umuyobozi warwanyaga kwivanga kw’amahanga muri Afurika, mu gihe abamunengaga bamushinjaga gutegekesha igitugu no kudaha abaturage umwanya uhagije mu gufata ibyemezo.

Mu mwaka wa 2011, imyigaragambyo yo kwamagana ubutegetsi bwe yahindutse intambara, ubutegetsi bwe burahirima. Ku itariki ya 20/10/2011, Gaddafi yafatiwe hafi y’umujyi wa Sirte, aho yiciwe nyuma yo gufatwa.

Urupfu rwe rwabaye kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi byaranze iherezo ry’ubutegetsi bwe, ariko ntirwahise ruzana ituze rirambye muri Libya. Nyuma yaho, igihugu cyahuye n’amacakubiri ya politiki, imitwe yitwaje intwaro n’ihangana hagati y’ubutegetsi butandukanye.

Amateka ya Gaddafi atanga isomo rikomeye: guharanira ubusugire bw’igihugu no kugira ijambo ku rwego mpuzamahanga bishobora kugira agaciro, ariko ntibisimbura inshingano yo kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abaturage, kubaka inzego zikomeye no guha abaturage uruhare mu miyoborere.

4. Major General Fred Gisa Rwigema: Umusirikare wagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka y’u Rwanda

Yavutse ku itariki ya 10/04/1957, agwa ku rugamba ku itariki ya 02/10/1990.

Major General Fred Gisa Rwigema, uzwi cyane nka Fred Rwigema, yari umusirikare n’umwe mu bayobozi bakomeye b’urugamba rw’Inkotanyi, nyuma rwabaye igice cy’ingenzi mu mateka ya vuba y’u Rwanda.

Rwigema yavukiye mu Rwanda, ariko umuryango we uhungira muri Uganda mu gihe cy’imvururu n’ihohoterwa ryabaye mu 1959 n’imyaka yakurikiyeho. Yakuriye mu buzima bw’ubuhunzi, ibintu byagize uruhare mu mateka ye no mu nzira yahisemo yo kuba umusirikare.

Yinjiye mu rugamba rwo kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Idi Amin muri Uganda, nyuma aza kugira uruhare mu ngabo zafashije Yoweri Museveni kugera ku butegetsi mu 1986. Yaje no kuba umwe mu basirikare bakomeye mu ngabo za Uganda.

Ku itariki ya 01/10/1990, Rwigema yayoboye ingabo z’Inkotanyi zatangije urugamba rwo kuva muri Uganda zinjira mu Rwanda, rugamije guhindura ubutegetsi no gukemura ikibazo cy’impunzi z’Abanyarwanda zari zimaze imyaka myinshi hanze y’igihugu.

Urwo rugamba rwahinduye inzira y’amateka y’u Rwanda. Icyakora, rwakurikiwe n’imyaka y’intambara n’ibindi bibazo bikomeye byagejeje igihugu kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, ndetse n’ingaruka zayo zakomeje kugaragara mu karere.

Ku itariki ya 02/10/1990, ku munsi wa kabiri w’urugamba, Fred Rwigema yaguye ku rugamba. Urupfu rwe rwabaye igihombo gikomeye ku ngabo yari ayoboye, ariko izina rye rikomeza kwibukwa mu Rwanda nk’iry’umwe mu bantu bagize uruhare mu rugamba rwagejeje igihugu ku mpinduka zikomeye.

Mu Rwanda, Rwigema yahawe icyubahiro cy’intwari y’igihugu mu rwego rw’Imanzi. Abamwibuka bashimangira ubwitange bwe, uruhare yagize mu rugamba n’icyizere yahaye impunzi z’Abanyarwanda zari zimaze igihe zifuza gutaha mu gihugu cyazo.

Amateka ye yibutsa ko ubutwari bushobora kugaragarira mu kwitangira intego umuntu yemera, ariko ko urugamba n’impinduka za politiki bigomba no gusuzumwa hakurikijwe ingaruka bigira ku baturage, amahoro n’ejo hazaza h’igihugu.

Igitangaje ku mateka y’aba bagabo bane

Igitangaje ni uko bose batabarukiye mu kwezi kumwe, nubwo buri wese yaguye mu bihe n’impamvu bitandukanye. Sankara yishwe mu ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi, Machel apfira mu mpanuka y’indege, Gaddafi yishwe nyuma yo gufatwa mu gihe cy’intambara, naho Rwigema agwa ku rugamba yari ayoboye.

Ibi ntibivuze ko bahuriye ku mateka amwe, ahubwo byerekana uburyo ubuzima bwabo bwahurijwe n’ibihe bikomeye bya politiki n’amateka y’ibihugu byabo.

Ni ayahe masomo Afurika ikwiye kubigiraho?

Amateka y’aba bagabo bane atanga amasomo atandukanye, ariko hari ibintu by’ingenzi abakiriho bashobora kuyigiraho.

Icya mbere: Gukunda igihugu bigomba kugaragarira mu bikorwa.

Gukunda igihugu ntibigarukira ku magambo, ku ntambara cyangwa ku kwamagana ibihugu by’amahanga. Bigaragarira mu bikorwa biteza imbere abaturage, kurinda ubusugire bw’igihugu no gushyiraho inzego zitanga ubutabera n’amahirwe angana.

Icya kabiri: Umutungo w’igihugu ugomba kugirira akamaro abaturage.

Afurika ifite umutungo kamere ukomeye, ariko umutungo wonyine ntuhagije kugira ngo abaturage babeho neza. Abayobozi bakwiye kuwukoresha mu guteza imbere uburezi, ubuvuzi, ibikorwa remezo, ubuhinzi no guhanga imirimo.

Icya gatatu: Ubutwari bugomba kujyana n’inshingano.

Umuntu ashobora kugaragaza ubutwari mu rugamba, mu kurwanya akarengane cyangwa mu guharanira ubwigenge. Ariko ubuyobozi bwiza busaba no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abandi, kwemera kunengwa no gushyira imbere inyungu rusange.

Icya kane: Igihugu ntigikwiye gushingira ku muntu umwe.

Iyo inzego z’igihugu zikomeye kandi zikora neza, impinduka z’ubuyobozi ntizikurikirwa n’ihungabana rikomeye. Afurika ikwiye kubaka inzego ziramba, aho iterambere ry’igihugu rishingira ku bushake bw’umuyobozi umwe.

Icya gatanu: Amateka akwiye gusuzumwa mu buryo bwuzuye.

Ntibikwiye kureba gusa ibyo umuyobozi yakoze neza ngo twirengagize amakosa ye, cyangwa ngo amakosa ye atume ibyo yakoze byose byiza birengagizwa. Gusesengura amateka bisaba kureba ibikorwa, ibyagezweho, ibibazo byabayeho n’ingaruka byagize ku baturage.

Mu gihe Afurika yibuka aba bagabo, buri wese afite umwihariko

Buri wese muri aba bagabo afite umwanya wihariye mu mateka, bitewe n’ibyo yakoze n’ingaruka byagize.

• Thomas Sankara yibukwa cyane mu biganiro byo kwigira kwa Afurika, kurwanya ruswa no gushyira imbere imibereho y’abaturage.
• Samora Machel yibukwa kubera uruhare yagize mu rugamba rwo kubohora Mozambique no kuyobora igihugu mu myaka ya mbere y’ubwigenge.
• Muammar Gaddafi yibukwa n’abamushyigikiraga kubera ibitekerezo byo guhuza Afurika no kurwanya ububasha bw’ibihugu bikomeye, ariko ubutegetsi bwe bukaba bwanenzwe kubera igitugu n’ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bw’abaturage.
• Fred Rwigema yibukwa mu Rwanda kubera uruhare yagize mu rugamba rw’Inkotanyi no mu mateka y’impunzi z’Abanyarwanda n’impinduka zakurikiyeho.

Ntabwo ubutwari bwabo bwapimwa n’ikintu kimwe. Guharanira ubwigenge, kwitangira igihugu, guhindura ubukungu, kubaka amahoro no kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abaturage ni ibintu bitandukanye bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma umurage w’umuyobozi.

Amatariki y’amavuko n’ay’itabaruka ry’aba bagabo agaragazwa n’inyandiko z’amateka ziboneka kuri Présidence du Faso, South African History Online, Rwanda Museums n’izindi nyandiko z’amateka.

Minembwe Capital News (MCN)