Impinduka z’Imyumvire mu Mateka y’Iyobokamana n’Iremwa ry’Umuntu wa Mbere
Mu mateka y’iyobokamana, izina rya Eva ryabaye ishingiro ry’impaka ndende ku ruhare rw’umugore mu iremwa n’agakiza. Mu gitabo cy’Itanguriro, igitabo cya mbere cya Bibiliya ndetse n’icya mbere muri Torah y’Abayahudi (Bereshit), Eva avugwa nk’umugore wa mbere waremwe n’Imana. Agaragazwa nk’uwageragejwe n’inzoka mu busitani bwa Edeni, akarya ku mbuto yabujijwe, maze akayiha Adamu. Icyo gikorwa cyabaye intandaro yo kwirukanwa mu busitani no gutangira ubuzima bwuzuye imibabaro ku bantu.
Ariko uko ibinyejana byagiye bisimburana, insobanuro z’iyi nkuru zarahindutse. Eva yavuye ku ishusho y’“umucumuzi wa mbere” ajya ku ishusho y’“umubyeyi w’abazima bose”, ndetse no ku rwego rw’“ikimenyetso cy’umucunguzi” mu bitekerezo by’abahanga bamwe mu bya tewolojiya.
Nk’uko bivugwa mu Itanguriro igice cya mbere n’icya kabiri, iremwa ry’umuntu rishyirwa ku munsi wa gatandatu w’iremwa ry’isi. Imana yaremye umuntu mu ishusho yayo, “iremye umugabo n’umugore” (Itanguriro 1:27). Ibi byabaye nyuma y’uko isi, ibinyabuzima n’ibimera byari bimaze kuremwa mu minsi itanu yabanje.
Mu gice cya kabiri cy’Itanguriro, dusangamo inkuru irambuye: Imana yabanje kurema Adamu imukuye mu mukungugu w’ivu, imuhumekera umwuka w’ubugingo. Nyuma, ibonye ko atari byiza ko aba wenyine, imusinziriza ibitotsi bikomeye, imukuramo “tsela” (ijambo ry’igiheburayo risobanurwa nk’urubavu cyangwa uruhande), maze iremamo umugore.
Abahanga mu by’indimi za Bibiliya bagaragaza ko “tsela” atari urubavu gusa, ahubwo bisobanura “uruhande” cyangwa “igice kingana n’ikindi”. Ibi bigasobanura ko umugore ataremwe ari munsi y’umugabo, ahubwo ari mugenzi we uhwanye na we.
Mu gusoma kwa kera, Eva yafatwaga nk’intandaro y’icyaha cya mbere. Yageragejwe n’inzoka (ishusho ya Satani), yemera kurya ku mbuto y’igiti cy’ubumenyi bw’icyiza n’ikibi, maze akayiha Adamu. Ibi byasobanuwe nk’“igicumuro cy’inkomoko” cyakurikiyeho kwirukanwa muri Edeni.
Mu mico ya kiyahudi n’iya gikristo yo hambere, Eva yabaye ikimenyetso cy’intege nke, kuko ari we wabanjirije umugabo kugwa mu cyaha. Iyi myumvire yaje gushingirwaho n’imico myinshi yashyiraga umugore ku rwego rwo hasi.
Mu kinyejana cya 18, Joanna Southcott yatangiye gusobanura Eva mu buryo bushya. Yavugaga ko, nk’uko Eva yahaye umugabo ubumenyi, ari na we wagize uruhare mu gutegura inzira y’agakiza, kandi ko inzoka ari yo ntandaro y’amakuba, atari Eva ubwe.
Mu 1869, Harriet Law, umwe mu barwanyaga ihezwa ry’abagore, yagaragaje Eva nk’ikimenyetso cy’urugamba rwo kwigobotora ubutegetsi bushingiye ku bwiganze bw’abagabo. Kuri we, Eva ntiyari uwo kuvumwa, ahubwo yari uwo gushimirwa kuko yazanye ubumenyi mu isi.
Mu kinyejana cya 20 n’icya 21, abahanga mu bya tewolojiya batangiye gusoma inkuru ya Adamu na Eva mu buryo bwa siyansi y’amateka n’iy’indimi (hermeneutique). Bavuze ko iyi nkuru itari amateka y’umuntu umwe wabayeho mu buryo busanzwe, ahubwo ari inkuru y’igereranya isobanura uko umuntu ari: uruvange rw’ubushobozi n’intege nke.
Ivone Gebara, umwe mu baharanira tewolojiya y’ubwigenge bw’abagore, avuga ko Adamu na Eva ari ibimenyetso by’ikiremwamuntu muri rusange, atari abantu babiri gusa babayeho mu gihe runaka.
María Clara Bingemer asobanura ko Eva atagikwiye gufatwa nk’umunyabyaha wenyine, ahubwo nk’“umubyeyi w’ubugingo”, kuko mu Itanguriro 3:20, Adamu yise umugore we “Heva”, bisobanura “nyina w’abazima bose”.
Mu bushakashatsi bwe, Fabiola Rohden yashyize Eva ku rwego rumwe na Mariya, nyina wa Yesu, agaragaza ko Eva yitiriwe icyaha cy’inkomoko cyikorezwa abagore bose, mu gihe Adamu atahawe umuzigo nk’uwo.
Mu Itanguriro 1:27 handitswe ko Imana yaremye umuntu mu ishusho yayo, irema umugabo n’umugore. Abahanga bagaragaza ko “Adamu” atari izina ry’umugabo gusa, ahubwo risobanura “kiremwamuntu” muri rusange.
Ibi byemeza ko umugabo n’umugore baremwe bafite agaciro kangana imbere y’Imana. Nta na hamwe mu nyandiko z’umwimerere z’igiheburayo hagaragaza ko umugore ari munsi y’umugabo. Ahubwo ijambo “ezer” (umufasha) rikoreshwa ku mugore, rikaba rinakoreshwa no ku Mana nk’umufasha w’abantu.
Muri iki gihe, Eva asobanurwa nk’ishusho y’ikiremwamuntu gifite ubushobozi bwo guhitamo, kwigenga no gushaka ubumenyi. Intege nke ze ntizifatwa nk’iz’umugore gusa, ahubwo nk’iz’umuntu wese.
Inkuru ya Eva ikomeza kubazwa no gusobanurwa mu buryo butandukanye: bamwe bamubona nk’umucumuzi, abandi nk’intwari yazanye ubumenyi, abandi nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubuzima n’uburinganire.
Mu mateka y’iremwa ry’umuntu wa mbere, Eva si izina ryoroshye; ni ishusho y’inkomoko y’ubuzima, urujijo rw’ubushake n’itegeko, n’ishingiro ry’ibibazo bikomeye ku kamaro k’umugabo n’umugore mu mugambi w’Imana.
Eva akomeza kuba umuntu w’amayobera uhuza amateka, iyobokamana, politiki y’uburinganire n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Kuva ku mucumuzi wa mbere kugeza ku mubyeyi w’abazima bose, ishusho ye irahinduka uko ibihe bihinduka.
Ibi bitwigisha ko inkuru y’iremwa ry’umuntu wa mbere atari amateka y’ahashize gusa, ahubwo ari indorerwamo y’ubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi: uruvange rw’ubushobozi n’intege nke, icyaha n’ubushobozi bwo guhinduka.
