Ethiopia na Eritrea mu nzira y’intambara nshya: Amateka y’ubushyamirane, guhatanira Inyanja Itukura n’imirwano yongeye kubura muri Tigray
Minembwe Capital News (MCN)
Ethiopia na Eritrea byongeye kuzamukana umwuka mubi nyuma y’imyaka myinshi birangwa n’intambara, amakimbirane n’ubwiyunge butarambye. Ethiopia yafunze ambasade yayo mu murwa mukuru wa Eritrea, Asmara, inategeka abadipolomate 10 ba Eritrea kuva ku butaka bwayo mu gihe kitarenze amasaha 48, ibashinja ibikorwa bihungabanya umutekano w’igihugu.
Ibi bibaye mu gihe imirwano yongeye kwaduka mu majyaruguru ya Ethiopia, mu karere ka Tigray, bikongera kuzamura impungenge ku mutekano w’ihembe rya Afurika.
Mu itangazo Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga ya Ethiopia yasohoye ku wa Kane, yashinje Eritrea kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byo guhungabanya igihugu, haba mu buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye. Yatangaje ko abadipolomate 10 ba Eritrea batagifite ikaze muri Ethiopia, icyemezo kizwi muri dipolomasi nka persona non grata.
Iki cyemezo cyafashwe mu gihe ubutegetsi bwa Ethiopia bushinja Eritrea gufasha imitwe yitwaje intwaro irwanya leta ya Addis Ababa, ndetse bukayishinja no kwinjiza ingabo zayo ku butaka bwa Ethiopia.
Ku ruhande rwa Eritrea, Minisitiri ushinzwe amakuru, Yemane Gebremeskel, yahakanye ibyo birego, ashinja Ishyaka rya Prosperity Party riri ku butegetsi muri Ethiopia gushaka abo rigerekaho ibibazo by’umutekano n’amakimbirane byugarije igihugu.
Eritrea na yo ishinja Ethiopia gukomeza umugambi wo kwagura ubutaka bwayo, cyane cyane igamije kubona inzira igana ku Nyanja Itukura no kugera ku cyambu cya Assab, giherereye ku butaka bwa Eritrea.
Ibi birego by’impande zombi byongeye kugaragaza ibibazo bimaze imyaka myinshi bitarakemuka, birimo ubusugire bw’imipaka, inyungu z’ubukungu, umutekano w’akarere n’uburyo Ethiopia ishobora kubona inzira ihamye igana ku nyanja.
Amateka ya Ethiopia na Eritrea: Kuva ku gihugu kimwe kugeza ku ntambara yamaze imyaka 30
Kugira ngo hamenyekane impamvu Ethiopia na Eritrea bikomeje kugirana amakimbirane, ni ngombwa gusubira mu mateka y’ibi bihugu, kuva mu gihe Eritrea yari ikolonijwe kugeza ubwo yabonye ubwigenge.
Eritrea yabaye koloni y’u Butaliyani kuva mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19. Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi, ubuyobozi bwayo bwashyizwe mu maboko y’Abongereza, mbere y’uko Umuryango w’Abibumbye ufata icyemezo mu 1952 cyo kuyihuza na Ethiopia muri federasiyo, Eritrea igumana ubuyobozi bwayo bw’imbere mu gihugu.
Mu 1962, Umwami Haile Selassie wa Ethiopia yakuyeho ubwo buryo bwa federasiyo, Eritrea ihinduka intara ya Ethiopia. Icyo cyemezo cyakurikiwe n’urugamba rwo guharanira ubwigenge rwamaze imyaka igera kuri 30.
Muri urwo rugamba, Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), yari iyobowe na Isaias Afwerki, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu guharanira ubwigenge bwa Eritrea.
Mu 1991, ingabo zarwanyaga ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Ethiopia, zari zifitanye ubufatanye na EPLF, zatsinze ubutegetsi bwa Derg. Nyuma y’imyaka ibiri, mu 1993, Eritrea yabonye ubwigenge binyuze muri kamarampaka, maze Isaias Afwerki aba Perezida wa mbere w’icyo gihugu.
Nubwo ubwigenge bwa Eritrea bwari intambwe ikomeye mu mateka y’ibi bihugu, ntibwavanyeho amakimbirane yose. Ahubwo, ibibazo by’umupaka n’inyungu z’ubukungu byaje kongera guteza umwuka mubi hagati ya Asmara na Addis Ababa.
Intambara yo mu 1998–2000 yahitanye abantu benshi
Mu mwaka wa 1998, Ethiopia na Eritrea byinjiye mu ntambara ikomeye yaturutse ahanini ku mpaka z’umupaka, cyane cyane mu gace ka Badme.
Nubwo amakimbirane yatangiriye ku butaka buto, yahise akwira mu bice bitandukanye by’umupaka, ibihugu byombi bikoresha ingabo nyinshi n’intwaro ziremereye.
Iyi ntambara yamaze imyaka ibiri, ihitana abantu ibihumbi n’ibihumbi, inateza ibibazo bikomeye by’ubukungu n’imibereho y’abaturage.
Mu mwaka wa 2000, ibihugu byombi byashyize umukono ku masezerano y’amahoro ya Algiers, agamije guhagarika imirwano no gukemura ikibazo cy’umupaka. Hashyizweho komisiyo yari ishinzwe kugena imipaka, ariko gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo byayo byakomeje kugorana.
Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, umubano wakomeje kuba mubi, impande zombi zikomeza guhangana mu bya dipolomasi n’umutekano, kugeza ubwo habaye impinduka ikomeye mu 2018.
Ubwiyunge bwo mu 2018 bwahaye icyizere akarere
Mu mwaka wa 2018, Minisitiri w’Intebe wa Ethiopia, Abiy Ahmed, yatangaje ko igihugu cye cyiteguye gushyira mu bikorwa amasezerano y’amahoro yari amaze imyaka myinshi adashyirwa mu bikorwa.
Abiy Ahmed yagiranye ibiganiro na Perezida wa Eritrea, Isaias Afwerki, maze ibihugu byombi byongera gufungura ambasade, gusubukura ingendo no kugarura umubano wa dipolomasi.
Iyi ntambwe yagaragaye nk’impinduka ikomeye mu karere, nyuma y’imyaka myinshi yaranzwe n’umwuka mubi n’ubwumvikane buke.
Mu mwaka wa 2019, Abiy Ahmed yahawe igihembo cy’Amahoro cyitiriwe Nobel kubera uruhare rwe mu gusubiza hamwe Ethiopia na Eritrea.
Icyakora, ubwiyunge bwabaye hagati y’ibi bihugu ntibwakemuye burundu ibibazo byari byarabaye intandaro y’amakimbirane yabyo. Ibibazo by’umutekano, inyungu za politiki n’imibanire y’ubutegetsi byakomeje kuba ingingo zishobora kongera guteza umwuka mubi.
Intambara ya Tigray: Ethiopia na Eritrea byarwanye ku ruhande rumwe
Mu kwezi kwa cumi n’umwe 2020, intambara yadutse hagati ya leta nkuru ya Ethiopia n’Ishyaka rya Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), ryari riyoboye akarere ka Tigray.
Iyi ntambara yari yarabanjirijwe n’amakimbirane ya politiki hagati ya Minisitiri w’Intebe Abiy Ahmed n’ubuyobozi bwa Tigray, harimo impaka ku matora, ububasha bw’inzego z’ubuyobozi n’imikorere ya leta.
Leta ya Ethiopia yashinjaga TPLF kwigomeka ku butegetsi bw’igihugu, mu gihe TPLF yashinjaga ubutegetsi bwa Addis Ababa kuyigabaho ibitero no kwambura Tigray uburenganzira bwo kwiyobora.
Muri iyi ntambara, Eritrea yifatanyije n’ingabo za Ethiopia mu kurwanya TPLF. Ingabo za Eritrea zinjiye muri Tigray, aho zashinjwe n’imiryango mpuzamahanga n’abaturage ibikorwa birimo kwica abasivili, gusahura no guhohotera abaturage. Eritrea yakomeje guhakana cyangwa kutemera bimwe mu birego byagiye bitangazwa.
Intambara yamaze imyaka ibiri, ihitana abantu benshi, isenya ibikorwa remezo kandi ituma abaturage benshi bava mu byabo.
Mu kwezi kwa cumi n’umwe 2022, leta ya Ethiopia na TPLF byashyize umukono ku masezerano y’amahoro y’i Pretoria, muri Afurika y’Epfo, agamije guhagarika imirwano no gusubiza ibintu mu buryo.
Nubwo ayo masezerano yagize uruhare mu guhagarika imirwano ikomeye, ntiyakemuye ibibazo byose byari mu karere. Ikibazo cy’ingabo za Eritrea zari muri Tigray, umutekano w’abaturage n’imibanire y’impande zirebwa n’amakimbirane byakomeje kuba ingingo zitoroshye.
Nyuma y’ayo masezerano, umubano hagati ya Ethiopia na Eritrea watangiye kongera kuzamba, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’umutekano n’inyungu za politiki mu majyaruguru ya Ethiopia.
Inyanja Itukura n’icyambu cya Assab: Inkingi ikomeye y’ubushyamirane
Ikibazo cyo kubona inzira igana ku nyanja ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye biri hagati ya Ethiopia na Eritrea.
Kuva Eritrea yabona ubwigenge mu 1993, Ethiopia yabaye igihugu kitagira inkombe ku nyanja. Ibi bituma gishingira ku byambu by’ibindi bihugu kugira ngo gitumize kandi cyohereze ibicuruzwa mu mahanga.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, Minisitiri w’Intebe Abiy Ahmed yagiye agaragaza ko kubona inzira igana ku nyanja ari ingenzi ku bukungu n’umutekano bya Ethiopia.
By’umwihariko, icyambu cya Assab cyo muri Eritrea gifite akamaro gakomeye muri ibi biganiro, bitewe n’aho giherereye ku Nyanja Itukura.
Ethiopia ivuga ko kubona inzira ihamye igana ku nyanja ari inyungu y’ingenzi ku gihugu cyayo. Eritrea yo ishimangira ko ibyambu n’ubutaka bwayo ari umutungo w’igihugu cyigenga, kandi ko nta kindi gihugu gikwiye kubigiraho uburenganzira butubahiriza ubwigenge bwayo.
Eritrea ishinja Ethiopia kugira umugambi wo kwigarurira ibice byayo byo ku Nyanja Itukura, ibirego ubutegetsi bwa Addis Ababa butemera nk’uko Asmara ibivuga.
Ibi bibazo byiyongera ku birego byo gushyigikira imitwe yitwaje intwaro, bigatuma umubano w’ibihugu byombi ukomeza kuzamba.
Tigray yongeye kuba isibaniro ry’imirwano
Mu gihe amakimbirane ya dipolomasi hagati ya Ethiopia na Eritrea akomeje gufata indi ntera, mu karere ka Tigray na ho umutekano wongeye kuba ikibazo gikomeye.
Nyuma y’igihe cy’amahoro cyakurikiye amasezerano y’i Pretoria yo mu 2022, amakimbirane hagati y’inzego zitandukanye za politiki n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro yongeye gufata indi ntera.
Imirwano yongeye kwaduka mu majyaruguru ya Ethiopia, aho ubutegetsi bwa Addis Ababa bushinja imitwe yitwaje intwaro kurwanya ubusugire bw’igihugu, mu gihe abarwanya ubutegetsi na bo bashinja leta ibikorwa bibangamira abaturage n’uburenganzira bw’akarere.
Mu bihe biheruka, amakuru yagiye atangazwa ku bikorwa bya gisirikare mu bice bitandukanye bya Tigray, ndetse n’impungenge z’uko imirwano ishobora gukomeza kwaguka.
Abaturage bo muri ako karere bakomeje guhura n’ibibazo birimo umutekano muke, ihungabana ry’ubukungu, ibura ry’ibikoresho by’ibanze n’impungenge zo kongera guhunga ingo zabo.
Intambara yo muri Tigray yabaye hagati ya 2020 na 2022 yari yarateje ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubutabazi, ihitana abantu benshi kandi isenya ibikorwa remezo. Kuba imirwano yongeye kwaduka bituma impungenge zo gusubira mu bihe nk’ibyo zikomeza kwiyongera.
Ikindi kibazo ni uko amakimbirane yo muri Tigray ashobora kongera kuzana uruhare rw’ibihugu byo hanze, cyane cyane Eritrea, bitewe n’amateka y’ubufatanye bwayo n’ingabo za Ethiopia mu ntambara yabanje.
Ese amakimbirane ya dipolomasi ashobora kuvamo indi ntambara?
Gufunga ambasade, kwirukana abadipolomate no gushinjanya ibikorwa bihungabanya umutekano ni ibimenyetso byerekana ko umubano hagati ya Ethiopia na Eritrea wazambye cyane.
Icyakora, ibi byemezo byonyine ntibihagije kugira ngo hemezwe ko intambara yeruye hagati y’ibihugu byombi igiye gutangira.
Ibibazo bikomeye bikomeje kuba intandaro y’impungenge birimo ikibazo cy’inyanja, umutekano w’imipaka, uruhare rw’imitwe yitwaje intwaro n’ingaruka z’intambara yo muri Tigray.
Mu gihe Ethiopia ishaka inzira ihamye igana ku Nyanja Itukura, Eritrea ishimangira ubusugire bwayo, mu gihe impande zombi zikomeje gushinjanya ibikorwa bishobora guhungabanya umutekano w’akarere.
Amakimbirane aramutse akomeje kwiyongera, ashobora kugira ingaruka ku bindi bihugu byo mu ihembe rya Afurika, cyane cyane ibifitanye amasano y’ubucuruzi, umutekano n’inyungu za politiki na Ethiopia na Eritrea.
Ku rundi ruhande, ibiganiro bya dipolomasi, ubuhuza bw’imiryango y’akarere n’amasezerano yubahirizwa n’impande zose bishobora kugira uruhare mu gukumira ko amakimbirane arushaho gukomera.
Mu by’ukuri, ubushyamirane bwa Ethiopia na Eritrea ntibushingiye ku kibazo kimwe gusa. Bushingiye ku mateka maremare y’intambara, ibibazo by’imipaka, guhatanira inyungu z’inyanja, umutekano w’akarere n’ingaruka z’amakimbirane yo muri Tigray. Ibyo byose bituma umubano w’ibi bihugu ukomeza kuba ingingo ikomeye mu bya politiki n’umutekano by’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba.
Minembwe Capital News (MCN)
