Sobanukirwa Uko Imvugo Zikoreshwa muri RDC Zibutsa Jenoside Yakorewe Abayahudi
Mu mateka ya jenoside, urugendo rujya mu maraso ntirutangirana n’amasasu cyangwa imipanga; rutangirana n’amagambo. Kenshi na kenshi, ni imvugo igenda isubirwamo, igahabwa ishingiro rya politiki, ikamenyerezwa rubanda, kugeza igihe ihindutse “ukuri” kudashidikanywaho. Muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC), hari imvugo imaze igihe ikoreshwa ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubutegetsi ikwiye kwitonderwa byimbitse: “ubumara bw’u Rwanda” (le poison rwandais). Iri jambo ryakoreshejwe na Patrick Muyaya, Minisitiri w’Itumanaho akaba n’Umuvugizi wa Guverinoma. Si ukwivuga nabi gusa; ni imvugo yinjira mu murongo w’inyigisho z’amateka ajyanye n’ibyaha byakorewe inyokomuntu.
Mu mivugire yateguye jenoside mu mateka, ijambo “ubumara” si impanuka. Ubumara busobanura ikintu kitagaragara, cyinjira mu mubiri buhoro buhoro, kikawuhumanya kidasakuje, kikangiza ubuzima bwawo bwose. Ni ishusho y’akaga k’imbere mu gihugu, kirimbuzi, k’umwanzi utari uwo mu biganiro bya politiki, ahubwo uhinduwe ikibazo cy’ubuzima rusange cyangwa icy’iherezo ry’igihugu. Ibi ni byo byabaye mu Budage bw’Abanazi mu myaka ya 1930, aho Umuyahudi atafatwaga nk’ufite ibitekerezo bitandukanye gusa, ahubwo yafatwaga nk’agakoko kari karinjiye mu mubiri w’igihugu.
Urugero ruzwi cyane ni igitabo cya poropagande cyiswe Der Giftpilz (“Igihumyo cy’Ubumara”), cyasohotse mu 1938, cyanditswe na Julius Streicher, umwe mu bayoboye ikinyamakuru cy’ivangura Der Stürmer. Cyari kigenewe abana, kibigisha ko, nk’uko igihumyo cy’ubumara gishobora kwihisha mu bihumyo byiza, Umuyahudi na we yari ikintu kigomba kumenyekana no kurandurwa kugira ngo sosiyete y’Abadage ikire. Umwanzuro ntiwavugwaga mu magambo menshi, ariko wari usobanutse: ntujya impaka n’ubumara; uraburandura.
Iyi logique ni yo igaragara muri iki gihe mu mvugo zemewe za Leta ya Congo. Iyo havuzwe “ubumara bw’u Rwanda,” ntibiba bigamije gusa kunenga Leta cyangwa umutwe witwaje intwaro. Iyi shusho isakazwa igashyirwa ku baturage ubwabo, by’umwihariko Abatutsi n’abavuga Ikinyarwanda bo mu Burasirazuba bwa RDC, bagahindurwa ikibazo gikomeye cy’imbere mu gihugu. Intambara iva mu rwego rwa politiki n’umutekano, igashyirwa mu rwego rwo “kwivuza” igihugu, nk’aho hari indwara igomba kuvurwa cyangwa kurandurwa burundu.
Uku gukoreshwa kw’imvugo ntibigarukira ku jambo rimwe. Kwinjira mu murongo w’ivangura bigaragazwa n’andi magambo ashingiye ku myumvire ya biyoloji n’iy’inyamaswa. Mu kwezi kwa karindwi 2023, Justin Bitakwira, wahoze ari Minisitiri w’iterambere kandi akaba ahora hafi ya Perezida Félix Tshisekedi, yatangaje ku mugaragaro ko “Umututsi wese ari umunyabyaha wavukanye icyaha.” Iri jambo rifite uburemere bukomeye mu isesengura rya jenoside: rishingiye ku myumvire y’uko icyaha kiba mu maraso. Iyo icyaha gifatwa nk’ikivukanwa, nta muntu ushobora gufatwa nk’umwere; ubwoko ubwabwo buhinduka icyaha.
Mu mvugo zikwirakwizwa ku mbuga nkoranyambaga no muri bimwe mu bitangazamakuru, amagambo nka “virusi,” “isake/udusimba (cafards),” “inzoka” yakomeje gukoreshwa. Aya magambo ntasobanura imyitwarire y’abantu; asobanura amoko y’ibintu byangiza bigomba kurwanywa. Abanazi bavugaga “bacilles,” “parasites,” “vermine.” Mu 1994 mu Rwanda, radiyo RTLM yavugaga “Inkotanyi nk’isake.” Muri RDC uyu munsi, hakurikizwa uwo murongo nyine uteye inkeke.
Ibi byiyongeraho indi nyigisho y’ubugambanyi ishingiye ku muco, ikikije ijambo “ubwenge.” Mu muco nyarwanda, ubwenge busobanura ubumenyi, gutekereza neza n’ubushishozi. Ariko mu mvugo ya politiki n’iy’igisirikare cya Congo muri iki gihe, iri jambo ryahinduwe ikimenyetso cy’uburiganya bukabije, bushobora no gufatwa nk’ubwa badayimoni. Umwanzi agaragazwa nk’ufite ubwenge butari mu busobanuro bwa muntu, ahubwo nk’ufite kamere yo kubeshya no kuyobya. Ibi bihura n’imyumvire y’Abanazi kuri Jüdische Schläue—“ubwenge bw’Abayahudi”—bavugaga ko ari isoko y’ibibazo byose bya Leta yabo.
Icyiciro kiba kibi kurushaho ni igihe ubutabera bwinjiye muri iyi mvugo. Iyo abayobozi bavuga “ibihiga,” bagatera ubwoba abanyamakuru, cyangwa bagashyira ikimenyetso cy’ubugambanyi ku muntu wese utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, icyo gihe Leta igendera ku mategeko iba itakiri urukuta rurinda abaturage. Mu mateka yose ya jenoside, intambwe ibanza ni ukudahana no gucecekesha abatavugarumwe n’ubutegetsi, mbere y’uko hakurikiraho ihohoterwa rusange.
Amateka atwereka ko jenoside itaza nk’inkuba itunguranye. Itegurwa buhoro buhoro, igashyirwaho imvugo iyisobanura, igashyirwa mu buryo bwo kuyigira ibisanzwe. Ijambo “ubumara” riba ari intangiriro; rikurikirwa n’ishakiro ry’“umuti.” Kandi mu mvugo n’imyitozo y’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, uwo muti uba ufite izina rimwe—izina isi yose imaze kumenya neza, izina amateka adashobora kwibagirwa.