Amabanga Yari Yaribagiranye y’Aba-Neanderthal: Siyansi Yongeye Kwerekana Isura y’Umugore Wabayeho Imyaka 75,000 Ishize, Ihindura Uko Twumvaga Inkomoko y’Ikiremwamuntu
Mu rugendo rurerure rw’amateka y’ikiremwamuntu, hari amabanga menshi yakomeje kwibazwaho n’abashakashatsi ku nkomoko y’abantu batuye isi. Mu moko yabayeho mbere y’uko Homo sapiens, ari bo bantu b’iki gihe, bakwira hirya no hino ku isi, harimo aba-Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis), ubwoko bwabayeho mu Burayi, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati no mu Burengerazuba bwa Aziya hagati y’imyaka igera ku 400,000 na 40,000 ishize.
Nyuma y’imyaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi ayo mateka ashyinguwe, ubushakashatsi bugezweho bwakozwe n’itsinda ry’abahanga bo muri Kaminuza ya Cambridge ku bufatanye n’abashakashatsi mpuzamahanga, bwongeye kuzura kimwe mu bice by’ingenzi by’amateka y’ikiremwamuntu. Bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, bongeye kurema isura y’umugore w’Umu-Neanderthal wapfuye hashize imyaka hafi 75,000, ibintu bifatwa nk’imwe mu ntambwe zikomeye siyansi imaze gutera mu gusobanukirwa ubuzima bw’abantu ba kera.
Iki gikorwa nticyatanze gusa ishusho y’uko uwo mugore yasaga, ahubwo cyanahinduye imyumvire yari imaze imyaka myinshi ivuga ko aba-Neanderthal bari abantu b’inyamaswa cyangwa badafite ubwenge. Ahubwo, ibimenyetso bishya byerekana ko bari abantu bafite umuco, imiryango, ubufatanye ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo kubaha no gushyingura abapfuye.
Aba-Neanderthal ni ubwoko bw’abantu ba kera babayeho mbere y’uko abantu b’iki gihe bakwira isi. Batuye cyane mu Burayi, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati harimo Iraq, Syria, Israel na Iran, ndetse no mu Burengerazuba bwa Aziya.
Babayeho mu bihe by’ibarafu (Ice Age), igihe isi yari ikonje cyane kurusha uko imeze muri iki gihe. Kubaho muri ibyo bihe byasabaga imbaraga nyinshi, ari na yo mpamvu bari bafite imibiri minini, amagufa akomeye n’imikaya ikomeye yabafashaga kwihanganira ubukonje bukabije.
Mu gihe cyashize, abantu benshi babafataga nk’ibiremwa bidafite ubwenge cyangwa imibereho iteye imbere. Nyamara ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwagiye bukorwa mu myaka ya vuba bwagaragaje ko iyo myumvire yari ishingiye ku makuru atuzuye.
Ubuvumo bwa Shanidar: Ahantu Hahinduye Amateka ya Siyansi
Ubushakashatsi bwashingiye ku bisigazwa byavumbuwe mu buvumo bwa Shanidar, buherereye mu misozi y’Abakurde mu majyaruguru ya Iraq. Ubu buvumo bufatwa nk’imwe mu hantu h’ingenzi cyane ku isi mu bushakashatsi ku mateka y’ikiremwamuntu.
Mu myaka ya 1950, abashakashatsi bahavumbuye ibisigazwa by’abantu nibura icumi b’aba-Neanderthal, barimo abagabo, abagore n’abana.
Mu mwaka wa 2015, irindi tsinda ry’abashakashatsi ryagarutse muri ubu buvumo rivumbura ibindi bisigazwa bishya byiswe Shanidar Z, birimo urutirigongo, intugu, amaboko, igituza n’agahanga.
Nubwo agahanga kari karajanjaguritse bikabije nyuma yo kugwirwa n’ibuye rinini ryaturutse ku gisenge cy’ubuvumo mu myaka ibihumbi ishize, abahanga ntibacitse intege.
Prof. Graeme Barker wo muri Kaminuza ya Cambridge yavuze ko igihe babubonaga, bwari bumeze “nk’ibice bya pizza byamenetse.”
Nyuma y’umwaka urenga bateranya uduce tw’amagufa twari twaratatanye, bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya 3D Scan bashobora kongera kurema isura yegereye cyane uko uwo mugore yari ameze akiri muzima.
Abahanga mu buhanzi bwa Paleoart, Adrie na Alfons Kennis bo mu Buholandi, bifashishije amakuru ya siyansi n’imiterere y’amagufa bubaka isura y’uyu mugore.
Yagaragaye afite amazuru manini, amaso manini, uruhanga rugufi n’isura ikomeye, ibintu byafashaga aba-Neanderthal guhangana n’ubukonje bukabije bw’icyo gihe.
Nubwo yari atandukanye n’abantu b’iki gihe, isura ye yagaragaje ko hari byinshi bahuriragaho na Homo sapiens, bikomeza gushimangira ko ayo moko yombi yari afitanye isano ya hafi mu rugendo rw’ubwihindurize bw’ikiremwamuntu.
Isesengura ry’amenyo n’amagufa ryagaragaje ko uyu mugore ashobora kuba yarapfuye afite hagati y’imyaka 40 na 45, imyaka yafatwaga nk’iyisumbuye muri icyo gihe.
Kubera ko igufa ry’amatako ritabonetse, abahanga bifashishije isesengura rya proteins zabonetse mu ryinyo rye, zemeza ko yari umugore.
Kimwe mu byatangaje cyane ni uko imibiri yabo yabonetse ishyinguwe mu buryo bugaragaza ko bari bafite imigenzo yo gushyingura no kubaha abapfuye.
Abashakashatsi basanze bashyingurwaga iruhande rw’urutare runini rwakoreshwaga nk’ikimenyetso cy’aho bashyinguraga. Hafi y’amagufa yabo hanabonetse ibisigazwa by’utubuto tw’indabo, bituma bamwe bakeka ko bashyiraga indabo ku mirambo nk’ikimenyetso cy’icyubahiro.
Nubwo hari impaka ku nkomoko y’izo ndabo, abahanga benshi bahuriza ku mwanzuro ko aba-Neanderthal bari bafite umuco n’imibereho iteye imbere kurusha uko byari bisanzwe byizerwa.
Aba-Neanderthal bazimye hashize imyaka hafi 40,000. Abahanga bavuga ko bishobora kuba byaratewe n’ihindagurika rikomeye ry’ikirere, irushanwa ry’umutungo hagati yabo na Homo sapiens, ndetse no kuba bamwe muri bo barivanze n’abantu b’iki gihe.
Ubushakashatsi bwa ADN bugaragaza ko abantu benshi batuye i Burayi no muri Aziya kugeza n’ubu bafite hagati ya 1% na 2% by’uturemangingo tw’aba-Neanderthal. Ibi bivuze ko nubwo batakiriho nk’ubwoko bwihariye, igice cy’irage ryabo gikomeje kubaho mu bantu b’iki gihe.
Uku kongera kurema isura y’umugore wa Shanidar ni intambwe ikomeye mu mateka ya siyansi. Byerekanye ko aba-Neanderthal batari abantu b’ubugome cyangwa badafite ubwenge nk’uko byigeze kuvugwa, ahubwo bari abantu bafite umuryango, umuco, ubufatanye n’umutima wo kwita ku bandi.
Uyu munsi, ubuvumo bwa Shanidar bukomeje kuba kimwe mu bibanza by’ingenzi ku isi mu bushakashatsi bw’amateka y’ikiremwamuntu, kandi buri gice cy’amagufa kivumburwa gikomeza gufungura andi mabanga ku rugendo rurerure rw’inkomoko y’abantu batuye isi.
Minembwe Capital News
