Mobutu n’ihungabana ry’igihugu: Ese imiyoborere ye yaba yarashyize RDC mu nzira y’intambara ikomeje kugeza uyu munsi?
Minembwe Capital News (MCN)
Amateka ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC) agaragaza ko ibibazo by’umutekano muke bimaze imyaka myinshi mu burasirazuba bw’igihugu bidashobora gusobanurwa n’impamvu imwe gusa. Icyakora, mu basesengura amateka y’iki gihugu, imiyoborere ya Mobutu Sese Seko ni imwe mu ngingo z’ingenzi zigarukwaho mu gusobanura uburyo intege nke z’inzego za Leta, ibibazo by’ubukungu, politiki y’ubwenegihugu n’amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko byagiye byiyongera.
Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1990, iherezo ry’Intambara y’Ubutita ryahinduye cyane imiterere ya politiki mpuzamahanga yari imaze imyaka myinshi ituma Mobutu agira agaciro gakomeye ku bafatanyabikorwa be bo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi. Uko guhinduka kw’isi kwaje mu gihe Zaïre yari isanzwe ifite ibibazo bikomeye by’ubukungu, inzego za Leta zacitse intege, ndetse n’inzira y’inzibacyuho ya politiki yaranzwe n’amakimbirane no kudindira.
Muri uwo mwuka w’ihungabana, ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu bwagiye bushinjwa gukoresha cyangwa gukangura amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko mu rwego rwo kugumana ubutegetsi. Ibi byagize ingaruka zikomeye cyane mu ntara za Kivu, aho ikibazo cy’ubwenegihugu, ubutaka, politiki n’ikibazo cy’abaturage bavuga Ikinyarwanda byagiye birushaho kuba intandaro y’amakimbirane.
Ikibazo cy’ubwenegihugu n’Abanyamulenge
Muri Kivu, ikibazo cy’Abanyamulenge n’Abatutsi bose bo muri Congo cyaje kuba kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye byagize uruhare mu makimbirane yo muri ako karere.
Amategeko agenga ubwenegihugu, harimo n’itegeko ryo mu 1981, yagize uruhare mu gutuma ikibazo cy’ubwenegihugu ku bantu bamwe kiba ingorabahizi. Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1990, amarushanwa ya politiki n’ay’ubutaka yarushijeho gukaza ayo macakubiri.
Imvugo zahakanaga ko bamwe muri abo baturage ari Abanyekongo zakurikiwe n’ibikorwa by’urugomo, kwimurwa kw’abaturage no kugabwaho ibitero. Mu 1996, ubutegetsi bw’inzego z’ibanze muri Kivu y’Amajyepfo bwageze aho butegeka Abanyamulenge kuva mu gihugu.
Ibi byerekana ko ikibazo cyari kimaze kurenga ku rwego rw’impaka za politiki, kigatangira kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano w’abaturage no ku mibanire y’amoko atandukanye.
Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yahinduye isura y’ikibazo
Mu 1994, Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda yabaye ikindi kintu cyahinduye cyane imiterere y’ikibazo mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari.
Abanyarwanda bagera hafi kuri miliyoni zibiri bahungiye mu burasirazuba bwa Zaïre. Muri bo harimo abasirikare bari bagize ingabo z’u Rwanda mbere ya Jenoside ndetse n’abagize imitwe yitwaje intwaro, nk’Interahamwe.
Nyuma y’aho, ibice bimwe by’abasirikare n’abanyapolitiki bari bagize ubutegetsi bwari bwakuweho mu Rwanda byongeye kwisuganya mu nkambi z’impunzi. Hari kandi imitwe yitwaje intwaro yakoreshaga ibice bya Zaïre mu kugaba ibitero ku Rwanda.
Ibi byatumye ikibazo cy’impunzi kidakomeza kugaragara nk’ikibazo cy’ubutabazi gusa. Ku Rwanda, cyahindutse kandi ikibazo cy’umutekano w’igihugu.
Ku ruhande rwa Kinshasa, hari raporo n’ibimenyetso by’amateka byagiye bishinja ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu kwihanganira, gufasha cyangwa korohereza bamwe mu basirikare n’abarwanyi b’Abanyarwanda bari ku butaka bwa Zaïre.
Ibi byatumye uburasirazuba bwa Zaïre burushaho kuba ahantu hashobora kuvuka intambara nini.
Intambara ya mbere ya Congo yatangiye gute?
Intambara yatangiye mu 1996 ntishobora gusobanurwa n’ikintu kimwe gusa.
Ku ruhande rumwe, hari ibibazo by’imbere muri Zaïre: intege nke z’inzego za Leta, ikibazo cy’ubwenegihugu, amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko, ibibazo by’ubutaka n’ihungabana ry’ubukungu.
Ku rundi ruhande, hari ikibazo cy’akarere nyuma ya Jenoside yo mu Rwanda, cyane cyane kuba imitwe yitwaje intwaro yaracyumbikiwe mu burasirazuba bwa Zaïre, aho yanakomeje guhungabanya umutekano w’u Rwanda.
Mu mpera za 1996, havuzwe amagambo y’urwango ku Banyamulenge n’Abatutsi muri rusange, ibintu byatumye Abanyamulenge bafata intwaro, babifashijwemo cyane n’u Rwanda. Intambara yahise yubura mu burasirazuba bwa Zaïre, nyuma ikwira no mu bindi bice by’igihugu.
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL), yari iyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila, yabonye inkunga y’u Rwanda, Uganda ndetse n’izindi mpande zo mu karere ku nzego zitandukanye.
Intego y’izo ngabo ntiyagarukiye ku kibazo cy’inkambi z’impunzi gusa. Yaje no kwerekeza ku gukuraho Mobutu ku butegetsi.
Mu kwezi kwa gatanu 1997, Mobutu yavuye ku butegetsi, Laurent-Désiré Kabila ahinduka Perezida wa Zaïre, nyuma igihugu gihinduka Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo.
Ese Mobutu ni we watumye RDC itagira amahoro kugeza uyu munsi?
Kuvuga ko Mobutu ari we wenyine watumye RDC ikomeza kubura amahoro kugeza uyu munsi byaba ari ukoroshya amateka akomeye cyane.
Ariko kandi, biragoye gusobanura inkomoko y’ihungabana rya Congo utarebye ku murage w’imyaka myinshi y’imiyoborere yaranzwe n’intege nke z’inzego za Leta, ihungabana ry’ubukungu, ibibazo by’imiyoborere, politiki y’ubwenegihugu n’amacakubiri yakajijwe n’ihangana rya politiki.
Ikibazo cyakomeye kurushaho kubera ko izo ntege nke z’igihugu zahuriranye n’ibibazo byo mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari.
Nyuma yo guhirikwa kwa Mobutu, intambara ntizarangiye. Ahubwo Congo yinjiye mu yindi ntambara ikomeye yatangiye mu 1998, ikurikirwa n’imirwano, imitwe myinshi yitwaje intwaro, uruhare rw’ibihugu byo mu karere n’ibibazo by’imiyoborere byakomeje kugaragara mu myaka yakurikiyeho.
Ibi bigaragaza ko ikibazo cya Congo kitari icy’ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu gusa. Ni ikibazo cyagiye gihindura isura, ariko bimwe mu byakigize bikomeza kugaruka mu bihe bitandukanye.
Umurage ukomeye w’amakimbirane
Amateka ya Zaïre na RDC agaragaza ko iyo Leta idashoboye gukemura mu buryo burambye ibibazo by’ubwenegihugu, ubutaka, imiyoborere n’umutekano w’abaturage, ibyo bibazo bishobora guhinduka intandaro y’amakimbirane arambye.
Iyo kandi ikibazo cy’amoko gihindutse igikoresho cya politiki, ubwoba hagati y’amatsinda y’abaturage buriyongera. Iyo inzego za Leta nazo zidakomeye, imitwe yitwaje intwaro ishobora kubona icyuho cyo kwagura ibikorwa byayo.
Mu burasirazuba bwa RDC, ibyo byose byongeye guhuzwa n’imipaka y’ibihugu byinshi, inyungu z’umutekano w’ibihugu bituranye, imitwe yitwaje intwaro ndetse n’amarushanwa ajyanye n’ubutaka n’umutungo kamere.
Bityo, ikibazo cy’uko imiyoborere ya Mobutu yaba yaragize uruhare mu gutuma RDC igera ku bihe by’intambara byakurikiyeho ni ikibazo gifite ishingiro mu isesengura ry’amateka, ariko ntigikwiye gusubizwa mu buryo bw’uko ari we wenyine watumye igihugu kibura amahoro.
Intambara yo mu 1996 yari umusaruro w’ihuriro ry’ibibazo byinshi: intege nke za Leta ya Zaïre, ikibazo cy’ubwenegihugu n’ubutaka, politiki ishingiye ku moko, umurage wa Jenoside yo mu Rwanda, kuba imitwe yitwaje intwaro yari yarashinze ibirindiro mu burasirazuba bwa Zaïre ndetse n’uruhare rw’ibihugu byo mu karere.
Ikibazo gikomeye ni uko byinshi muri ibyo bibazo bitigeze bikemurwa burundu. Ni yo mpamvu, imyaka myinshi nyuma y’iherezo ry’ubutegetsi bwa Mobutu, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo ikomeje guhangana n’ibibazo by’umutekano, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bw’igihugu.
Mu yandi magambo, Mobutu ashobora kuba ari umwe mu bantu n’ibihe byagize uruhare mu gushyiraho imiterere y’ibibazo byaje gukururira Congo intambara, ariko inkomoko y’amakimbirane y’iki gihugu no gukomeza kwayo kugeza uyu munsi bifite imizi myinshi kandi yagiye yiyongera mu bihe bitandukanye.
Minembwe Capital News (MCN)
